---
type: "Story Evidence"
title: "Trust Depth Over Data Volume: An Independent Audit of LUX Light Archive"
description: "Bibliography of source references for the story project."
resource: "https://light.lux143.org/stories/trust-depth-over-data-volume/"
tags:
  - "place_cluster"
  - "en"
timestamp: "2026-08-09T22:21:04Z"
language: "en"
story_id: "trust-depth-over-data-volume"
---

# Evidence For Trust Depth Over Data Volume: An Independent Audit of LUX Light Archive

- - [La lumière électrique sur les côtes de France - Persée](https://www.persee.fr/doc/helec_0758-7171_1998_num_32_1_1406) (academic_reference) - Persée article records feu du Château electrification at Brest in 1920.
- - [3Fi089-090 - CHATEAU DE BREST - Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3Fi089-090_-_CHATEAU_DE_BREST._-_THE_CASTLE.jpg) (archival_image) - CC BY-SA 4.0 scan of Archives municipales de Brest 3Fi089-090 showing harbor light at la grève.
- - [Василисин](/node/1138/) (archive_node) - Lighthouse record gives tower height 24 m, focal height 33 m, visibility 8 miles, and island coordinates.
- - [Маяк моряку - что тропа ходоку](/node/187/) (archive_node) - Остров Василисин section says a ground fire destroyed the structure; lighthouse familiar to yachtsmen.
- - [Маячный фестиваль в Петропавловке](/node/1350/) (archive_node) - Festival article states the lighthouse no longer shines after the fire.
- - [Об истории и развитии маячного дела в России](/node/1363/) (archive_node) - Presentation text says a ground fire destroyed the former building and then the lighthouse in 2014.
- - [Clare Island Lighthouse - Getting Here](https://clareislandlighthouse.com/location/) (current_operator)
- - [Clare Island Lighthouse - Lighthouse history](https://clareislandlighthouse.com/lighthouse/) (current_operator) - Records September 1813 fire damage to the lantern and part of the original tower, and survival of the two tower generations.
- - [Clare Island Lighthouse - The Lighthouse buildings](https://clareislandlighthouse.com/lighthouse/buildings/) (current_operator) - Describes the surviving complex as two towers, cottages, converted outbuildings and original enclosure walls.
- - [Phare de la Coubre - Un peu d'histoire](https://www.pharedelacoubre.fr/un-peu-d-histoire) (current_operator) - The official visitor site narrates the tower succession.
- - [United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604) — Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_lightship_Columbia_(WLV-604)) (encyclopedia_lead) - Wikipedia discovery lead for research pilot; verify before public claims.
- - [An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of County Mayo](https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/app/uploads/2019/10/Mayo.pdf) (government_heritage_inventory)
- - [La Coubre official identity and succession references](https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA17000095) (government_heritage_inventory)
- - [Phare de la Coubre - POP / Mérimée](https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA17008905) (government_heritage_inventory) - POP documents the repeated construction sequence and rapid coastal change.
- - [Phare des Roches-Douvres - POP / Merimee](https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA22000050) (government_heritage_inventory) - The Ministry of Culture identifies the current lighthouse as the last offshore lighthouse built in France and classifies the entire structure and base as a historic monument.
- - [Historic Environment Scotland — Lismore Lighthouse Eilean Musdile (LB12360)](https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/apex/f?p=1505:300:::::VIEWTYPE,VIEWREF:designation,LB12360) (government_heritage_register) - Historic Environment Scotland designates the 1833 Robert Stevenson lighthouse and keeper-house complex as Category A listed building LB12360.
- - [Phare des Roches Douvres - DIRM NAMO](https://www.dirm.nord-atlantique-manche-ouest.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/phare-des-roches-douvres-a137.html) (government_operator) - DIRM records the first metal lighthouse, its 1944 destruction, the 1947-1954 reconstruction, current signal and WGS 84 coordinate.
- - [Phares & feux 2025 - DIRM NAMO](https://www.dirm.nord-atlantique-manche-ouest.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/livret_phares_2025_export_web_mini_cle527eb3.pdf) (government_operator_guide) - The 2025 DIRM guide instead records 19 June 1954.
- - [Russian Geographical Society - Irbenskiy lightship](https://rgo.ru/activity/project-list/plavuchiy-mayak-irbenskiy/) (heritage_organization) - RGO identifies the AGA RD-311 light apparatus, MRM-54 radio beacon, LIEJ-300 nautophone and the vessel's 1962 outfitting and 1963 entry into operation.
- - [Château de Brest - Inventaire Général du Patrimoine Culturel](https://patrimoine.bzh/gertrude-diffusion/dossier/IA29001760) (heritage_register) - Patrimoine dossier lists postcard Vue du pied du château de Brest : la grève. Phare. (3Fi089_090).
- - [Jetée ouest, port de commerce (Brest)](https://patrimoine.bzh/gertrude-diffusion/dossier/IA29133525) (heritage_register) - Documents 1932–1936 remblai works and port-yard expansion context.
- - [1932 - Brest premier port baliseur de France](https://www.retro29.fr/1932-brest-premier-port-baliseur) (historical_press) - Press context for building clearance and port modernization in the 1930s.
- - [Wikimedia Commons — Lismore Lighthouse on Eilean Musdile](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lismore_Lighthouse_on_Eileen_Musdile,_Scotland.jpg) (licensed_media_repository) - Wikimedia Commons records the contextual station photograph, creator, source, and reviewed CC BY 2.0 license.
- - [Chance Heritage Trust - Pencarrow Head Lighthouse](https://chanceht.org/lighthouse/pencarrow-head-lighthouse/) (manufacturer_catalog) - Chance Heritage Trust records Pencarrow Head Lighthouse in the Chance Brothers lighthouse map import, including a second-order fixed lens, manufacture date 1858, 1859 construction, Lower Pencarrow in 1906, and Baring Head replacement context.
- - [Chance Heritage Trust - Tory Island (Thoraigh, Toraigh)](https://chanceht.org/lighthouse/tory-island-thoraigh-toraigh/) (manufacturer_catalog) - Chance Heritage Trust records Tory Island in the Chance lighthouse mapping context.
- - [Chance Heritage Trust — Lismore Lighthouse](https://chanceht.org/lighthouse/lismore-lighthouse-eilean-musdile-cuileanrock/) (manufacturer_catalog) - Chance Heritage Trust lists a Chance Brothers fourth-order fixed lens with manufacture date 1909, associates it with Lismore Lighthouse, and explicitly says removal during the 1965 automation is presumed rather than confirmed.
- - [Hyperradiant Fresnel lens - Chance installations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperradiant_Fresnel_lens) (manufacturer_reference) - Lists Tory Island Lighthouse with company Chance and date 1887 in the hyper-radial lighthouse table.
- - [Ирбенский плавучий маяк](/node/1336) (migration) - Drupal migration provenance for the Irbenskiy floating lighthouse record.
- - [Roches-Douvres](/node/941) (migration_field)
- - [Змеиный (Фидониси)](/node/651) (migration_field)
- - [Ирбенский плавучий маяк](/node/1336) (migration_field)
- - [Museum of the World Ocean - Irbenskiy](https://www.world-ocean.ru/images/main/information_about_the_museum.pdf) (museum) - Museum documentation identifies the preserved vessel as the Irbenskiy lightship.
- - [Museum of the World Ocean — Irbenskiy](https://www.world-ocean.ru/irbenskij) (museum) - Official museum history and technical description of Irbenskiy, including its light, radio beacon, sound and hydroacoustic signalling equipment and service position.
- - [Zmiinyi Island cartographic and archaeological history — Vernadsky National Library](https://www.nbuv.gov.ua/node/6111) (national_library) - Institutional evidence for the ancient and cartographic site history.
- - [MarineTraffic — Lismore light](https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/lights/1000004790/) (navigation_reference) - External navigation reference preserved from the original local Fibery Chance Lighthouse Map export; it is not used to resolve the historical optic identity.
- - [NZHistory - Mary Bennett](https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/mary-bennett) (official_biography) - Manatū Taonga biography records Mary Jane Bennett operating the Pencarrow light after George Bennett’s 1855 death, official appointment with the permanent lighthouse in 1859, and her departure in 1865.
- - [Fisheries and Oceans Canada - Heritage Lighthouses](https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/rp-bi/lh-ph-eng.htm) (official_government) - Confirms that the Cape North tower remained in service until 1980 and was moved to Ottawa.
- - [Heritage NSW - Cape Byron Lightstation](https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5053293) (official_heritage_register) - Separately identifies the Henry-Lepaute main optic, Chance red-sector light and Chance lantern.
- - [Heritage NSW - Norah Head Lightstation Precinct](https://apps.environment.nsw.gov.au/dpcheritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=5051885) (official_heritage_register) - Identifies the first-order Chance optic and the original 3700 mm Chance lantern.
- - [Irish Lights - Achillbeg Lighthouse](https://irishlights.ie/tourism/our-lighthouses/achillbeg.aspx) (official_history)
- - [NZHistory - New Zealand’s first lighthouse lit](https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/new-zealands-first-lighthouse-lit) (official_history) - Manatū Taonga records Pencarrow Head as New Zealand’s first permanent lighthouse, first lit on 1 January 1859, and identifies Mary Bennett as first keeper and New Zealand’s only female lighthouse keeper.
- - [NZHistory - Pencarrow Lighthouse keepers](https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/pencarrow-lighthouse/people) (official_history) - Manatū Taonga records George Bennett’s 1852 appointment, Mary Bennett taking over after his 1855 death, her official 1859 appointment, working conditions, and the Bennett family’s keeper lineage.
- - [NZHistory - Pencarrow Lighthouse timeline](https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/pencarrow-lighthouse/key-dates) (official_history) - Manatū Taonga timeline records the July 1857 Cochrane tender, 21 June 1858 Ambrosine arrival in 480 packages, September 1858 transfer to Pencarrow Head, and first lighting on 1 January 1859.
- - [NZHistory - Slow beginnings](https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/slow-beginnings) (official_history) - Manatū Taonga records the 1857 tender of £2435 from Messrs Cochrane and Company of Woodside Iron Works, Dudley, for casting the Pencarrow lighthouse.
- - [NZHistory - The lighthouse and its surroundings](https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/lighthouse-and-its-surroundings) (official_history) - Manatū Taonga records the 1858 arrival and hauling of the lighthouse packages, first lighting on 1 January 1859, fog-signal additions, Lower Pencarrow in 1906, Baring Head in 1935, and heritage transfer/restoration context.
- - [Canada Science and Technology Museum - Preparing for your visit](https://ingeniumcanada.org/sites/default/files/2023-07/Preparing-for-your-visit-to-the-canada-science-and-technology-museum.pdf) (official_museum) - Identifies the museum lighthouse as the structure from Cape North.
- - [Ukraine National Report 2024 — International Hydrographic Organization](https://iho.int/uploads/user/Inter-Regional%20Coordination/RHC/MBSHC/BASWG/BASWG17/BASWG17_2024_03C.5A_EN_UKRAINE_National%20Report.pdf) (official_national_report)
- - [Irish Lights - Achillbeg Lighthouse](https://irishlights.ie/tourism/our-lighthouses/achillbeg.aspx) (official_navigation_authority)
- - [Modernisation history — State Hydrographic Service of Ukraine](https://hydro.gov.ua/?p=6307) (official_navigation_authority)
- - [Zmiinyi Lighthouse — State Hydrographic Service of Ukraine](https://hydro.gov.ua/?page_id=381) (official_navigation_authority)
- - [Irish Lights - Mew Island Lighthouse](https://www.irishlights.ie/tourism/our-lighthouses/mew-island.aspx) (official_operator) - Records Barbier & Fenestre manufacture and the Tory-derived biform installed in 1928.
- - [Irish Lights - Tory Island Lighthouse](https://www.irishlights.ie/tourism/our-lighthouses/tory-island.aspx) (official_operator) - Records the 1862 dioptric lens, the 1887 alteration and the 1923 biform configuration.
- - [Northern Lighthouse Board — Lismore](https://www.nlb.org.uk/lighthouses/lismore/) (official_operator) - Northern Lighthouse Board records the station's 1833 construction and first exhibition, states that Lismore was still purely catoptric in 1910, and documents automation in June 1965 and the current light.
- - [Trinity House - Casquets Lighthouse](https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/casquets-lighthouse) (official_operator) - Identifies the current apparatus as a second-order 700 mm optic.
- - [Special cancellation “Zmiinyi Island — Unconquered, Free, Ukrainian!” — Ukrposhta](https://postmark.ukrposhta.ua/specpogashennya-ostriv-zmiyinyj-neskorenyj-vilnyj-ukrayinskyj) (official_postal_record)
- - [The Great Light](https://greatlighttq.org/) (public_display) - Public display site for the restored optic.
- - [Wikimedia Commons — Kerdronis2.jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kerdronis2.jpg) (public_domain_media_repository) - Commons identifies the postcard as Eugénie Matelot and her children, dates it to 1911, credits Collection PetitJean, and marks it public domain.
- - [The Great Light - History](https://www.greatlighttq.org/about/history/) (public_heritage_project) - Separates the 1887 Barbier & Fenestre manufacture from Chance Brothers reconstruction.
- - [Hyperradiant Fresnel lens - Tory Island entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperradiant_Fresnel_lens) (reference) - Lists the Tory Island hyper-radial optic date as 1887.
- - [Mew Island Lighthouse - hyperradiant optic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mew_Island_Lighthouse) (reference) - Records that the Tory optic was removed in the 1920s and re-engineered by Chance Brothers.
- - Jean-Christophe Fichou lighthouse inventory (via Gaëlle Lardeux correspondence, 2026) (research_correspondence) - Fichou inventory via Gaëlle Lardeux: first lit 1 Dec 1905; 12 m stone turret; occulting W/R/G sectors; electrification 1924; extinction 1940 after median construction.
- - [Jean-Christophe Fichou — Des femmes dans les phares : les gardiennes auxiliaires](https://www.bcd.bzh/becedia/fr/des-femmes-dans-les-phares-les-gardiennes-auxiliaires) (scholarly_public_history) - Bécédia uses the postcard in the context of Eugénie Matelot’s documented maintenance of the Kerdonis light after her husband’s death.
- - [Historical research on the 1843 Zmiinyi lighthouse](https://ibn.idsi.md/sites/default/files/imag_file/11_Sapozhnikov_Aisfeld_compressed.pdf) (scholarly_publication)
- - [Casquets lighthouses - apparatus history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casquets_lighthouses) (secondary_reference) - Reports the 1877 first-order Chance Brothers installation.
- - [The Lighthouse Directory — Western Scotland](https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/sctw.htm) (secondary_reference) - External reference preserved from the original local Fibery Chance Lighthouse Map export; it is not used to resolve the optic chronology.
- - [Wikipedia - Cape North Lighthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_North_Lighthouse) (secondary_reference) - Earlier Chance attribution is retained only as a contradicted research lead.
- - [LighthouseFriends - Cape North Lighthouse](https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=1638) (secondary_research) - Reports a third-order Barbier, Bénard & Turenne lens; retained as a lead pending primary evidence.
- - [United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604) — Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_lightship_Columbia_(WLV-604)) (source) - Promotion-batch relation; refine with primary chronology.
- - [Lighthouse Accommodation - Clare Island Lighthouse](https://lighthouseaccommodation.co.uk/listings/clare-island-lighthouse/) (specialist_secondary) - Gives discontinuance as 29 September 1965.
- - [European Route of Lighthouses - The Great Light](https://er-ol.eu/explore/lighthouses/the-great-light) (trusted_curated_source) - Route record identifies The Great Light as a public lighthouse heritage visitor site.
- - [Great Lighthouses of Ireland - The Great Light](https://www.greatlighthouses.com/lighthouses/the-great-light/) (trusted_curated_source) - Curated visitor page states that the 1887 optic once shone from Tory Island and Mew Island and is now interpreted as The Great Light.